Liquid metal anode enables zinc-based flow batteries with ultrahigh areal capacity and ultralong duration
Abstract
Zinc-based
flow batteries (Zn-FBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy
storage because of their intrinsic safety and high energy density.
Unlike that conventional flow batteries operate on the basis of
liquid-liquid conversions, the Zn anode in Zn-FBs adopts a solid-liquid
conversion reaction, presenting challenges such as dendrite formation,
poor reversibility, and low areal capacity, limiting its long-duration
energy storage (LDES) applications. Here, we developed a liquid metal
(LM) electrode that evolves the deposition/dissolution reaction of Zn
into an alloying/dealloying process within the LM, thereby achieving
extraordinary areal capacity and dendrite-free Zn-FBs with outstanding
cycling stability. Both Zn-I2 and Zn-Br2 flow
batteries using LM electrodes exhibited an ultrahigh areal capacity of
640 milliampere-hours per square centimeter, corresponding to an
ultralong discharge duration of ~16 hours, thus exceeding the LDES
standard defined by the US Department of Energy. This study breaks the
solid-liquid working mode of the Zn anode, offering an effective
solution for LDES applications with Zn-FBs.
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